Oracle had sued Apple, alleging that elements of Apple's Android operating system contained misappropriated items from Oracle's Java code. Early in May, 2012, the jury found that Apple had infringed Oracle's copyrighted program, but the jury deadlocked on whether Apple's infringement fell within the "fair use" doctrine. The jury later found that Google had not infringed two Oracle patents.
On August 7, 2012, U.S. District Court Judge William Alsup, who had presided over the trial, issued an order requiring the attorneys on both sides to file a statement by August 17th "identifying all authors, journalists, commenters or bloggers who have reported or commented on any issues in this case and who have received money (other than normal subscription fees) from the party or its counsel during the pendency of this action."
Judge Alsup's order was procedurally and substantively unusual. As to procedure, the order came two months after the trial had ended, and neither side had requested the issuance of such an order. Judge Alsup issued the order on his own volition, saying that he was "concerned that the parties and/or counsel herein may have retained or paid print or internet authors, journalists, commentators or bloggers who have and/or may publish comments on the issues in this case." Judge Alsup justified the order by stating that it would be useful for the appellate court to know "whether any treatise, article, commentary or analysis on the issues posed by this case are possibly influenced by financial relationships to the parties or counsel."
The substance of the order, that a judge wanted to know whether bloggers and others were being paid by the parties to comment on the case, caused both the legal and public relations communities to speculate on what led to its issuance. One thought was that the disclosure in April by Florian Muller, a prominent blogger who had been critical of Google, of his financial ties to Oracle may have led Judge Alsup to wonder whether there were other undisclosed relationships between bloggers and the parties. Another thought was that a July 27th San Jose Mercury News article had brought attention to the "vast shadow army of law firms, public relations specialists, trade organizations, pundits, think tanks and academics [that] has emerged to dominate the debate over Google," and the fact that "many of them are paid for their opinions." The article began with a specific example:
"Scott Cleland hates Google for a living. For the past five years, the McLean, Va.-based analyst has churned out an endless stream of anti-Google papers, memos, research, testimony -- even a book: 'Search & Destroy: Why You Can't Trust Google Inc.' While his views that Google is a dangerous monopolist once seemed like a fringe theory, it has now drawn the attention of antitrust and privacy regulators throughout the world. 'I feel less lonely,' Cleland said. 'I have a strong belief that the wheels of justice turn slowly, but they turn truly.' But as Cleland's crusade has gained popularity it has also gained funding -- to a degree that he won't disclose -- from Google's competitors, including Microsoft. While he insists that his influential views remain his own, the financial connection begs the very real question of whether he is a hero or a paid corporate hit man -- and whether the debate he pushes is a legitimate intellectual discussion or a commercial enterprise."Members of the legal community also questioned the scope of the order, whether Judge Alsup had the power to issue it, and whether it was constitutional. See, for example, "Alsup Goes Fishing With Wide Net." However, since neither Oracle or Google challenged the order, the issues of power and constitutionality were unlikely to be addressed. Similarly, questions as to the scope of the order would have to wait until Judge Alsup reviewed the parties' submissions to see whether they had complied.
Getting favorable media for clients, or neutralizing unfavorable media, is a large part of the public relations raison d'etre. Within the public relations community however, Judge Alsup's order revealed differing attitudes as to the propriety of paying bloggers. PRWeek interviewed representatives of several agencies, and the consensus seemed to be that it is an acceptable practice to pay bloggers as long as the compensation is disclosed. However, as I blogged about in "Social Media and Astroturfing," this is no more than the law requires. Payments to bloggers for favorable reviews are required to be disclosed by the Federal Trade Commission, and the FTC has brought enforcement actions against companies that failed to make the required disclosure. Hill + Knowlton Strategies expressly forbids compensation to bloggers. Steve Barrett, a PRWeek editor, wondered whether, even with disclosure, paying bloggers is appropriate:
"Am I the only one who feels extremely uneasy and uncomfortable about this whole paying bloggers debate? . . . [i]f a brand or an agency is paying these bloggers to write about brands, that has gone way beyond PR's traditional territory of earned media into the paid media environment - or, as it is also known, advertising. That's an area that is fraught with danger in my opinion."When the August 17th deadline for compliance arrived, Oracle confirmed in its submission that it had a paid consulting relationship with Florian Mueller. As for Google, it notified Judge Alsup that the scope of his order created a group too large to list, but it assured Judge Alsup that it had not compensated anyone "to report or comment on any issues in this case" or otherwise struck a "quid pro quo" arrangement for favorable coverage. In response, Judge Alsup issued a new order expressing his dissatisfaction with Google's submission:
"in the court's view, Google has failed to comply with the August 7 order. . . . Google suggests that it has paid so many commenters that it will be impossible to list them all. Please simply do your best but the impossible is not required. Oracle managed to do it. Google can do it too by listing all commenters known by Google to have received payments as consultants, contractors, vendors, or employees."Judge Alsup required Google to supplement its filing by August 24, directing it to "disclose those commenters that can be identified after a reasonably diligent search," with the following clarification of his original order:
"Payments do not include advertising revenue received by commenters. Nor does it include experts disclosed under Rule 26. . . . As for organizations receiving money, they need not be listed unless one of its employees was a commenter. Gifts to universities can be ignored."
Google filed its supplemental disclosure on August 24th. I'll discuss what was in it, and the reaction to it, on Tuesday, September 4th. Have a good Labor Day Holiday.
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